Born in 1851 in Hadamar, in the Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine, Diefenbach moved to Munich in 1872 where he enrolled at the Academy of Art. The artist’s life was a constant tussle against the constraints and contradictions of his homeland’s bourgeois society, and he was to become one of the chief representatives of nudism, vegetarianism, and naturism in an incessant search for a primitive, primordial religiosity aimed at rediscovering the archaic relationship between Man and Nature. His unconventional philosophy of life would become a model for the founding in the early 20^th century of the Community of Monte Verità [“Mountain of Truth”] near Ascona in the Canton of Ticino (Switzerland), where intellectuals and artists from all over Europe shared a lifestyle far-removed from the political and social context of the time, one which allowed them to enjoy a spiritual and intellectual freedom in perfect harmony with nature. In the early years of the 20^th century, to escape the attacks of the press and bourgeois bigotry of the time, Diefenbach left Germany. He was to stay for short periods around Lake Garda, then in Cairo, and Trieste. In 1900, the artist settled on the island of Capri. Here he found his ideal dimension, leading the life of a primitive native.

In 1975, a museum was dedicated to him inside the Charterhouse of San Giacomo, again on Capri. The 31 works kept at the Museum enable a reconstruction of the figurative path of the artist’s latter production – “a symbolist visionary linked to the romantic sentiment of nature and imbued with theosophical content”[1] – while at the same time, through their mystical and dreamlike vision of Capri, representing a testimony of the artist’s existential experience (theosophy, vegetarianism, nudism), which made him a real celebrity. Capri, lush and hospitable, yet mysterious and unsettling, evoked that feeling of the sublime which he sought and recreated in his works. These are large canvases painted with colours which are sometimes bright, other times gloomy, and they represent mythical places on the island in an unreal way, landscapes made arcane by a sense of solitude, and mystical or symbolic scenes.

The painting captures the imagination with its dreamlike atmosphere and dark tonalities. Diefenbach, known for his Symbolist style and his ability to infuse his works with a profound sense of mystery and spirituality, employs strong contrasts of light to create a striking and almost ethereal scene. The seagull, silently gliding over the ruins, is illuminated by the pale moonlight, forming an image of solitude, contemplation, and inner reflection. At the center of the composition stands the Castello Barbarossa, an ancient medieval fortress located on the heights of Anacapri.

Perched in a dominant position among rugged cliffs and Mediterranean vegetation, the castle owes its name to the tradition linking it to the raids of the Ottoman corsair Khayr al-Dīn, known as Barbarossa. Its walls, worn by time and immersed in a wild, untamed landscape, evoke a past of sieges, abandonment, and historical memory. Under the moon’s glow, the ruins transcend their purely architectural dimension, becoming an almost metaphysical presence suspended between reality and vision, perfectly aligned with Diefenbach’s Symbolist sensibility. The scene thus becomes a poetic meditation on time, nature, and the transience of existence.